Europe has added wind and solar capacity faster than most forecasts allowed for. On sunny, windy days some markets now record negative prices, a sign of abundance the grid cannot absorb.
Storage is the missing half of the build-out. Batteries handle hours; the harder problem is days and seasons, where the technologies remain expensive or immature.
Interconnection helps by widening the geographic pool of demand, but permitting a cross-border cable still takes longer than building the generation it would serve.
The practical near-term measures are unglamorous: demand shifting, tariff redesign and grid upgrades that rarely feature in political announcements.
