Hamas fighters crossed from Gaza into southern Israel in a coordinated assault on communities, army posts and a music festival, killing about 1,200 people and taking roughly 250 hostages.
Israel declared war and began an air campaign followed by a ground operation in Gaza. The Palestinian health ministry reported casualties in the tens of thousands over the following months, and the great majority of Gaza's population was displaced.
The war drew in regional actors including Hezbollah in Lebanon and the Houthis in Yemen, whose attacks on Red Sea shipping disrupted global trade routes.
